The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. Pratt and Rogers became Flagler and Rockefeller's partners. Mendez, Jesus. Unfortunately, only Henry Harkness would survive to have children, one of which would later establish the Flagler Museum. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. He graduated from Columbia University in 1897. Biography. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. [44] Standard Oil monopolized quickly and took America by storm. [3], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York, the son of Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and his wife, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother Stephen Harkness. From the Flagler family records now in his possession. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. In 1853, on November 9, Flagler married Mary Harkness. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. Sexual assault was a constant threat for women caught in the system. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. Flagler, Harry Harkness, 1870- Title: Harry Harkness Flagler letters, 1781-1948: Physical Description: 1 box (1 box) Language(s) English . [citation needed], By the end of the American Civil War, Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh, New York City, Philadelphia, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, was born in North Carolina; the top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. The Alcazar is today the Lightner Museum, next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Augustine that Flagler bought from Franklin W. Smith. [28] Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. 1870–1952. Henry M. Flagler in Florida Timeline. Flagler, Harry Harkness was born on December 2, 1870 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. [4] He was of paternal German descent from the Palatinate region. Together David and Elizabeth had a son Daniel M. Harkness before his death. From 1880 to 1914, more than 22 million people had migrated to the United States. She was the granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil, and inherited 20,000 shares of Standard Oil from her father Harry Harkness Flagler on his death in 1952 (valued then at $1,600,000). It had become the richest, biggest, most feared business in the world, seemingly immune to the boom and bust of the business cycle, consistently racking up profits year after year. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. His son by his first marriage, Stephen V. Harkness, became Elizabeth's stepson. Information: The first column shows data points from Flagler, Harry Harkness, 1870- in red. Harry Harkness Flagler, a son of Henry M. Flagler, to the author, October 25, 1945. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. Flagler divorced Ida and married Mary. 1844 At age 14, Flagler leaves home. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. [citation needed], "Henry M. Flagler" redirects here. The room was inspired by a similar space in the Ducal Palace at Mantua & the ceiling copied from a building in Venice. When Henry married Ida Alice Shourds, it outraged Harry, and he moved to New York . Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Philanthropist, Businessman. It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $740 million in 2019). Millbrook, Washington, Dutchess, New York, United States. It was Henry M. At the age of 14, after completing the eighth grade in 1844, Flagler decided to move to Bellevue, Ohio where he found work in the grain store of L.G. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. Sanitary conditions were widely deplorable and medical attention scant. If they refused the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller told them they would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. He became president of the Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York in 1914. [20][21] Standard countered and held back its shipments and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest as well. Even though congressional investigations found no immigrant peonage at F.E.C., it is clear that the life of a common day laborer throughout the U.S. at that time was very difficult across all industries including mining, textiles, manufacturing, railroad and construction. "Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, Flagler, like many white industrialists across the South, leased African American convict labor from the state. He used convict leasing — "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery"[51] — to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.[52]. Introduction. "When John D. Rockefeller was asked if the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking, he answered, 'No, sir. [14], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. From the description of Autograph letter signed, dated : New York, 18 January 1948, to Wolfgang Rosé, 1948 Jan. 18. 1830 Henry Morrison Flagler is born in Hopewell, New York. He … Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. Chains, hounds, whips, sweat boxes, stringing up by the thumbs — these were part of everyday existence in convict camps. [43] The history of American oil refining begins with Henry Morrison Flagler, and his business associate and friend, John D. Rockefeller, as they built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil. A great many Gilded Age business leaders did give to causes that benefitted the public, setting a standard of philanthropy unique in history. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. [13] Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. [35] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. Wife of Patron of Music Was Active in Charities Here and in Dutchess County. [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (1833–1884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. [25] The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. In 1928 the Symphony Society merged with the Philharmonic Society, and he became president of the combined New York Philharmonic until 1934, when he resigned because of his ill health. She had married Melbert Cary, who died in 1941.. Mrs Cary and her husband were significant collectors.Their main acquisitions were music … These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Mary Flagler Cary (1901–1967) was the daughter of Harry Harkness Flagler, and granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil. [12] An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. [54] In 1901, Flagler bribed the Florida Legislature and Governor to pass a law that made incurable insanity grounds for divorce, opening the way for Flagler to remarry. Harry Harkness Flagler. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. Included are letters of Ambrose Bierce, Thomas A. Edison, Edwin Forrest, Andrew Jackson, Rudyard Kipling, Richard Mansfield, John D. Rockefeller, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Ruskin, Constantin Stanislavsky, and George Washington. I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not...but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment."[58]. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Shown is the music, or drawing room, a public area of the house. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. An interesting side note, Harry H. Flagler also fell in love with his mother's nurse. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. [22] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. She had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to the widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. [15] Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. (December 2, 1870 - June 30, 1952) U.S.A. Financier, socialite. Flagler, Harry Harkness (former_owner) Paderewski, Ignace Jan -- 1860-1941 Mary Flagler Cary Music Collection (Pierpont Morgan Library) Created / Published monographic. [citation needed], One of the most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their firm was the 1905 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, a leading muckraker. Convict leasing was ended in South Carolina (1897), Louisiana (1901), Mississippi(1907), Georgia (1908), Arkansas (1913) and in 1923 Florida finally followed suit. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. His problems with his father began when Henry married his mother's nurse: Ida Alica Shrouds. [2] [62][63] At 3 p.m. on the day of the funeral, May 23, 1913, every engine on the Florida East Coast Railway stopped wherever it was for ten minutes as a tribute to Flagler. [24] Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. Southern employers found that Northern workers often came for the winter months to escape the cold of the north and then would leave during the blistering summer months. Flagler worked with Northern labor agencies to lure new immigrants with false promises of paradise. Was Son of Industrial Leader", "President of Philharmonic Sees Success Assured. [4], He died on June 30, 1952 in Millbrook, New York. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20 at 83 years of age. [36] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. Though the refunds issued amounted to no more than fifteen cents on the dollar, they put Standard Oil in position to undercut other oil refineries. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. FamilySearch is a nonprofit family history organization dedicated to connecting families across generations. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. Any data they [citation needed], In 1912, the Florida Overseas Railroad was completed to Key West. Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. [1][3], Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York, "H. Flagler Dies. The state provided incentive in the form of 3,840 acres (15.5 km2) for every mile (1.6 km) of track constructed.[53]. Henry Harkness Flagler: Also Known As: "Harry" Birthdate: December 02, 1870: Birthplace: Cleveland, Ohio: Death: June 30, 1952 (81) Millbrook, Dutchess Co., NY Immediate Family: Solomon had eleven children including Isaac, Henry's father. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Backer of Philharmonic. [citation needed], Flagler and Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. "[26] To the critics Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours... some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. FamilySearch believes that families bring joy and meaning to life. [27] The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. [30], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. Over thirty years, Flagler had invested about $50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction and had made donations to suffering farmers after the freeze in 1894. Mary’s health was poor throughout her life, although she and Henry had three children: Jenny Louise, Carrie, and Harry Harkness. His next project was the Ponce de Leon Hotel, now part of Flagler College.
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